My wife and I lived in a tiny town, named Graceville, situated in the panhandle of Florida. We resided there for two years, and when we think of home, we think of this town. I finished my undergraduate degree at the local college of this town, the Baptist College of Florida. We left Graceville when I finished my degree so that I might pursue my Master's Degree at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, but we left reluctantly.
We are desperately homesick for Graceville. We would move back at the drop of a hat should the will of God permit and the opportunity arise.
In the same manner, the Christian should be homesick for the return of Jesus. In many ways, this world is not fair. With the Day of Judgment, all of the unfairness and evil will be done away, and justice will be reestablished.
Christians are reminded every day that Jesus has not yet returned, for evil still persists. Our hearts long for peace to prevail, desiring to see wrongs righted and goodness reigning. This desire can and should be deeply felt at times, pressing Christians to live rightly. This right living includes telling others of what is to come.
An area of interest of mine is the Day of Judgment. This day is like the wedding day for the believer, for the Christian will no longer be the bride of Christ but the wife. At this time, the relationship between God and the believer will be consummated. Until this day, the Christian should live now in the same manner that he or she will live in after the Day of Judgment, as this is the way humans are intended to live.
Lastly, this desire (for peace, goodness, and justice to prevail) seems to point to that which can satisfy that desire. This desire is normal for all people, but the Christian should recognize that satisfaction of this desire comes from Jesus alone. Moreover, the Christian should be ready to tell this good news to everyone, knowing that everyone will stand before Jesus in the Day of Judgment and knowing that all Christians will be accountable for who they did and did not tell. May we let the world know of the Prince of Peace and the God of Justice that will consummate his delivery of this sin-stricken world.
Monday, March 30, 2015
Wednesday, March 11, 2015
To be or not to be [Nietzsche]?
While I might have dropped off the face of the earth, such a trip was only temporary. This post consists of a paper that I presented to the ethics course I attended this semester. I appreciate Nietzsche's work, and, to be honest, if I rejected theism, I would follow Nietzsche's thoughts. For myself, I see the choices for religious beliefs consisting of embracing either theism or Nietzsche's philosophy. I hope that the work is helpful, and, as always, I would appreciate any feedback.
Believe This or I Will Beat You Up: Nietzschean Conflict Resolution
Introduction
“What lustrums, what sacred games show we have to devise? Is not the magnitude of this deed too great for us? Shall we not ourselves have to become Gods, merely to seem worthy of it?”[1] Here, one begins to see the logical conclusions flowing from the Madman’s thoughts. In Nietzsche’s parable of the Madman, Nietzsche accepts the premise of atheism as being true. From this, Nietzsche shows that one must wipe away everything dependent upon Christianity, including morality.
Following Christian morality results in the safety and security of individuals as a secondary benefit of restraining people’s appetites. Since Nietzsche deems Christianity and its moral system to be false, he must find some other guided rule whereby to live. Nietzsche finds the will to act as the guiding ethical principle for his system. Essentially, one wills to do what one desires, thereby establishing what is good and evil by utilizing the self as the appraiser of values. How can Nietzsche’s ethical system adjudicate between two willful individuals whose actions are antithetical to each other? Ultimately, one should reject Nietzsche’s morality due to its axiological failure to provide adequate adjudication between two conflicting, mutually exclusive actions.
Argument
Nietzsche conceives that Christianity committed the most heinous crime against humanity by propagating the lie that all men are created equal. This lie serves no other end than to elevate the weak and handicap the strong. “The truth is that there is no other alternative for gods: either they are will to power – in which case they are national gods – or incapacity for power – in which case they have to be good....”[2] Nietzsche here affirms that people project their values upon the conception of God and that only two genuine possibilities for this conception of God exist. Apart from God, “it is mere individual desire. That is thought to serve as a basis for action.”[3]
Nietzsche sees humanity as broken into the categories of slave and master. Equality only exists within the categories, but never between the categories, as
the ability and obligation to exercise prolonged gratitude and prolonged revenge – both only within the circles of equals, – artfulness in retaliation, refinement of the idea in friendship, a certain necessity to have enemies (as outlets for the emotions of envy, quarrelsome, arrogance – in fact, in order to be a good friend): all these are typical characteristics of the noble morality....[4]
Perhaps one is reminded of Japan during the peak of the samurai. During that time, Japanese customs stratified the society, with samurai falling into the upper category. Protocol dictated how one should interact between classes. Therefore, samurais treated each other as equals, but a samurai offended by a commoner could take the head of the offender. Alternatively, one may think of the relationship between Batman and Joker, hero and nemesis. Under Nietzsche’s understanding, as power holds value, the quality directly corresponds to the relationship between the powers of the individual. The greater the disparity between the power of the wills, the greater the inequality between the individuals. Thus, one may still deem people at cross-purposes as equals within a Nietzschean system.
An unsatisfactory position arises by admitting that the Nietzschean system deems two people who are equally willful in antithetical purposes as both be right. This affirmation leads to a contradiction of how one should act. Therefore, either the world is logically inconsistent or the Nietzschean system fails to correspond to reality.
Objections
One possible objection to the thesis of this examination may state that Nietzsche does give the means of adjudication, namely, he that prevails is right. Should an apparent stalemate arise, the individuals should continue to will.[5] To ask more than this simply seeks what does not exist. Moreover, Nietzsche simply gives motivation to the will by formulating his doctrine of eternal recurrence, which states that everything happening now has already happened, and will continue to happen, an infinite number of times.[6]
One may object in a second fashion, stating that if neither prevails, then both should assure mutual destruction. Essentially, both parties should will until neither party is left. Furthermore, one may claim that this situation does not fall subject to valuations of rightness and wrongness as far as individuals are concerned, only that one should act with disregard to the consequences.
Responses to Objections
First, one may respond to the objection claiming that potency determines morality by stating that potency stands counterintuitive as a means of determining who and what is right. Intuitively, potency bears less upon the morality of an act than Nietzsche emphasizes. The matter of potency remains a question better answered within the realm of ability rather than morality. Scripture many times addresses the willfulness of individuals by deeming such actions sinful. One specific example consists of Uzzah willfully putting forth his hand to catch the Ark of the Covenant and keep it from falling off the oxen cart.[7] God struck Uzzah dead for his violation of the law. Second, David willfully took Bathsheba in an adulterous affair. God declared David guilty of willful disobedience to God’s law.[8] The third and final example demonstrates that some willfulness falls within the will of God. This third example consists of Jesus crucified. He submitted to this crucifixion willfully, and one seems hard-pressed to make the case that a coward or sissy undertook such action.
The second objection does not address that Nietzsche fails to provide why someone ought to will in such a way: if God is dead, then all is permissible; therefore, what constrains one to conform to any moral system? Judgment on matters becomes mere opinion that binds nothing. If one wills one way, a second wills another way, and a third wills to will nothing, then these contradictions find no resolution within Nietzsche’s system. Lastly, Nietzsche gives no account of those actions deemed good when done contrary to a person’s will, such as saving the life of someone attempting suicide.[9] Thus, while the will plays a significant aspect in a person’s life, Nietzsche’s emphasis upon the will still leads him unguided and deficient.
Conclusion
Nietzsche’s system remains impotent to affirm what is right or wrong, which would thereby adjudicate between two conflicting parties. Even such acts as rape and torture seem to find no denunciation. While Nietzsche speaks of a higher morality whereby he passes judgment upon established morality, Nietzsche struggles to find grounds for why one ought to follow this morality, providing only an appeal to desires as the key motivator.
Second, while one may cling ostensibly to the hardened holdout that Nietzsche has carved into the world of morality, one may state that the case for overturning Nietzsche’s morality has not fully proven the deficiency of the system, only that other systems exist that can describe the same actions. While some truth may persist in such a response, Nietzsche’s system directly rests upon the premise that God does not exist. With positive arguments for God’s existence (such as the ontological argument and the Kalam cosmological argument), one can make a more extensive case for the rejection of Nietzsche’s system of morality. If Nietzsche is right, then God does not exist. God does exist. Therefore, Nietzsche is wrong. If Nietzsche is wrong, then his morality has no basis. If his morality has no basis, then no one ought to follow his morality. Thus, no one ought to follow Nietzsche’s system of morality.
Therefore, Nietzsche’s system should be abandoned. The system suffers from both internal and external flaws that leave it untenable, should God exist. Good reasons exist that God exists. With these arguments in hand, one must willfully make this abandonment of Nietzsche’s morality due to its axiological failure to proffer forth some means of resolution for the equipollence between contrary and competing actions.
Bibliography
Banner, Michael. Christian Ethics: A Brief History. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Cavalier, Robert J., James Gouinlock, and James P. Sterba, eds. Ethics in the History of Western Philosophy. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.
Ferry, Luc. A Brief History of Thought: A Philosophical Guide to Living. Translated by Theo Cuffe. New York: Harper Perennial, 2011.
Froese, Katrin. Rousseau and Nietzsche: Toward and Aesthetic Morality. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2001.
Heidegger, Martin. Nietzsche. Translated by David Farrell Krell, 4 vols. San Francisco: Harper and Row Publishers, 1979.
Irwin, William, Mark T. Conard, and Aeon J. Skoble, eds. The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D’oh! Of Homer. Chicago: Open Court, 2001.
Leiter, Brian and Neil Sinhababu, eds. Nietzsche and Morality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Leiter, Brian. Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Nietzsche on Morality. London: Routledge, 2002.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Antichrist. Translated by H. L. Mencken. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1918. Kindle.
———. Beyond Good and Evil. Translated by Helen Zimmern. The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche. Kindle.
———. The Dawn of Day. Translated by John McFarland Kennedy. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1911. Kindle.
———. The Joyful Wisdom. Translated by Thomas Common, Paul V. Cohn, and Maude D. Petre. The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche, edited by Oscar Levy, vol. 10. Edinburgh: The Darien Press, 1910.
———. Thus Spake Zarathustra: A Book for All and None. Translated by Thomas Common. Kindle.
Wilcox, John T. Truth and Value in Nietzsche: A Study of His Metaethics and Epistemology. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1974.
Willard, Dallas, ed. A Place for Truth: Leading Thinkers Explore Life’s Hardest Questions. Downers Grove: IVP Books, 2010.
[1]. Frederick Nietzsche, The Joyful Wisdom, trans. by Thomas Common, Paul V. Cohn , and Maude D. Petre, The Complete Works of Frederick Nietzsche, ed. by Oscar Levy (Edinburgh: The Darien Press, 1910), 168.
[2]. Friedrich Nietzsche, Antichrist, trans. by H. L. Mencken (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1918), 9. Kindle.
[3]. Dallas Willard, ed., A Place for Truth: Leading Thinkers Explore Life's Hardest Questions (Downers Grove: IVP Books, 2010), 161.
[4]. Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, trans. by Helen Zimmern, The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche, 123. Kindle.
[5]. In some sense, one may argue that the Nietzschean system falls under deontology rather than consequentialism.
[6]. Luc Ferry, A Brief History of Thought: a Philosophical Guide to Living, trans. by Theo Cuffe (New York: Harper Perennial, 2011), 187.
[7]. 1 Samuel 8:6-8
[8]. 1 Samuel 11:2-5
[9]. Granted, one may respond that the person attempting to commit suicide would be acting favorable to the rest of the world by removing himself or herself from it so that others might flourish. Such an apathetic response runs contrary to natural inclinations.
Tuesday, January 13, 2015
Nature vs. Nurture
While my wife and I were visiting our family in central Florida, we went to Sonny's for one of our lunches in order to satisfy our barbecue hunger. When we went inside, I held the door for my wife and my mother-in-law. As another family came behind us, I remained at the door, holding it open for this other family. I had never met them before. Then, something unexpected happened. A young man of the family, who was perhaps 16 or 17 years old, offered to hold the door for me and let me go ahead of him. At this, my stubbornness surfaced, and I stayed my post, insisting that he go ahead as I was already here. He responded that he would be more than happy to take my place. After a short friendly exchange, he entered while I followed behind. My family sat down, not really sure of what was said between the young man and I. They did not know at first that we were conversing about who should be holding the door for whom. As we finished our meal and made our way to the front so that we might pay for our meal and leave, the young man excused himself from his own meal, slipped in front of us, and remained at the door, holding it until we all had passed through it. Then, he returned to finish the rest of his lunch. Such an encounter makes me smile as it gives me hope that virtue is not dead.
I give the previous story so that I might ask the question, what motivated this young man to battle with me over courtesy? Was it how he was raised (nurture)? or was it based upon his genetic makeup (nature)? I remember being intrigued by this oft-debated topic when I was enrolled in Introduction to Psychology. This question is presented, yet no satisfying answer seems prevalent, at least no answer that I find satisfying. Something seems to be lacking, namely freedom.
When one asks the question of nature versus nurture, the discussion is already set. Namely, the question assumes determinism with the goal of finding what is the particular determinant.
The primary means of asserting accountability for one's actions (which Christianity certainly does by claiming that God is judge and will reckon to all what he or she is due) seems to be the positing of libertarian free will. This notion of free will holds that nothing outside of an individual determines what actions that he or she will take. While some finer points can be made (such as some decision do determine what is possible thereafter), at least one decision in life will be freely made (at this point, I would recommend Ken Keathley's Salvation and Sovereignty).
One way to substantiate this claim is to reflect upon the fact that I have desires, Yet, just because I desire to do something does not mean that I will do something. Furthermore, just because I know something does not necessitate that I will act on that knowledge (such would be the case of a heart doctor that will not pass by fried chicken and mashed potatoes with gravy). The way the world is remains distinct from the way the world ought to be.
Perhaps the world would be a much different place should people consider themselves responsible for the situations they find themselves in and for their reactions to those situations. rather than seeking someone or something else to bear the blame.
I give the previous story so that I might ask the question, what motivated this young man to battle with me over courtesy? Was it how he was raised (nurture)? or was it based upon his genetic makeup (nature)? I remember being intrigued by this oft-debated topic when I was enrolled in Introduction to Psychology. This question is presented, yet no satisfying answer seems prevalent, at least no answer that I find satisfying. Something seems to be lacking, namely freedom.
When one asks the question of nature versus nurture, the discussion is already set. Namely, the question assumes determinism with the goal of finding what is the particular determinant.
The primary means of asserting accountability for one's actions (which Christianity certainly does by claiming that God is judge and will reckon to all what he or she is due) seems to be the positing of libertarian free will. This notion of free will holds that nothing outside of an individual determines what actions that he or she will take. While some finer points can be made (such as some decision do determine what is possible thereafter), at least one decision in life will be freely made (at this point, I would recommend Ken Keathley's Salvation and Sovereignty).
One way to substantiate this claim is to reflect upon the fact that I have desires, Yet, just because I desire to do something does not mean that I will do something. Furthermore, just because I know something does not necessitate that I will act on that knowledge (such would be the case of a heart doctor that will not pass by fried chicken and mashed potatoes with gravy). The way the world is remains distinct from the way the world ought to be.
Perhaps the world would be a much different place should people consider themselves responsible for the situations they find themselves in and for their reactions to those situations. rather than seeking someone or something else to bear the blame.
Monday, December 15, 2014
Faith and Science
I snicker every time I hear someone comment, "It's not rocket science." I shake my head and think, "I know it's not, because I wanted to be a rocket scientist." God possesses a marvelous sense of humor. During my junior and senior years in high school, I resolved that I would pursue a career as an astronautical engineer. After a series of decisions, I went from majoring in engineering to majoring in liberal arts. I earned an Associate's degree in liberal arts, a Bachelor's degree in Christian studies, and now I am pursuing a Master's degree in philosophy of religion. So, needless to say, I am currently bobbing around in an academic realm far from where I started.
I still love physical sciences. I am fascinated by the advancements in physics and chemistry, and puzzled by biology. This is not to say that I dislike biology because of its apparent contradictions to the beliefs that I hold. Rather, I am puzzled by biology in much the same way that I am puzzled by computer sciences. I am mesmerized by the intricacies of the cell and the functions that occur within the cell.
Even though I no longer study the physical sciences in a formal fashion, I still comprehend the importance of them. I like a man torn between two directions, as I enjoy the physical sciences as well as humanities. I think both are important and that both are needed. The physical sciences should not deem themselves capable to cover all knowledge nor should the humanities believe that they can solve all of the problems.
Since I am confessing (part of the point of this blog), I will say that I am Thomistic in my understanding of the sciences. I do not believe in a definite demarcation between what is general hailed as "science" and "non-science." Those who disagree with my previous statement will be hard-pressed to say otherwise (at this point, I would defer to Alex Rosenberg and Samir Okasha, with their respective books on philosophy of science), for the definitions will tend to be so broad that they would allow intuitive non-science items to be considered science, or they would be so narrow as to exclude genuine scientific endeavors. I think that theology, philosophy, and history are as much science as physics, astronomy, and biology. This belief rests upon the notion that truth touches all things. Therefore, truth (in the conformity sense) will be consistent with what is found in other areas, otherwise a reevaluation of the presuppositions, data, and hypothesis is required.
Christians that deem science unnecessary need to rethink what they are claiming about God. Those in the scientific community that would dismiss faith and religion need to rethink the faith that they already hold. Are you willing to deny the foundation upon which you already stand?
Alvin Plantinga, in his work Where the Conflict Really Lies, tackles the issue of faith and science. Ultimately, conflict between science and faith is possible because the two areas overlap, but faith and science will not conflict ultimately because both deal with the consistent whole of reality. Therefore, for you to be a better theologian, become more knowledgeable about scientific issues; to be a better scientist, become more knowledgeable in theology. Simply put, follow in the footsteps of William Lane Craig and John Lennox.
I still love physical sciences. I am fascinated by the advancements in physics and chemistry, and puzzled by biology. This is not to say that I dislike biology because of its apparent contradictions to the beliefs that I hold. Rather, I am puzzled by biology in much the same way that I am puzzled by computer sciences. I am mesmerized by the intricacies of the cell and the functions that occur within the cell.
Even though I no longer study the physical sciences in a formal fashion, I still comprehend the importance of them. I like a man torn between two directions, as I enjoy the physical sciences as well as humanities. I think both are important and that both are needed. The physical sciences should not deem themselves capable to cover all knowledge nor should the humanities believe that they can solve all of the problems.
Since I am confessing (part of the point of this blog), I will say that I am Thomistic in my understanding of the sciences. I do not believe in a definite demarcation between what is general hailed as "science" and "non-science." Those who disagree with my previous statement will be hard-pressed to say otherwise (at this point, I would defer to Alex Rosenberg and Samir Okasha, with their respective books on philosophy of science), for the definitions will tend to be so broad that they would allow intuitive non-science items to be considered science, or they would be so narrow as to exclude genuine scientific endeavors. I think that theology, philosophy, and history are as much science as physics, astronomy, and biology. This belief rests upon the notion that truth touches all things. Therefore, truth (in the conformity sense) will be consistent with what is found in other areas, otherwise a reevaluation of the presuppositions, data, and hypothesis is required.
Christians that deem science unnecessary need to rethink what they are claiming about God. Those in the scientific community that would dismiss faith and religion need to rethink the faith that they already hold. Are you willing to deny the foundation upon which you already stand?
Alvin Plantinga, in his work Where the Conflict Really Lies, tackles the issue of faith and science. Ultimately, conflict between science and faith is possible because the two areas overlap, but faith and science will not conflict ultimately because both deal with the consistent whole of reality. Therefore, for you to be a better theologian, become more knowledgeable about scientific issues; to be a better scientist, become more knowledgeable in theology. Simply put, follow in the footsteps of William Lane Craig and John Lennox.
Wednesday, November 19, 2014
The Second Man is First
I remember sitting in Greek class, working on translating passages from the Gospel of John, and reading John the Baptist's remarks about Jesus: This is he of whom I said, ‘After me comes a man who ranks before me, because he was before me.’ What caught my attention is that John is older than Jesus by at least six months. So, one might be puzzled when John states that Jesus is before John. Christianity stands or falls with understanding the person and work of Jesus (which seems like an obvious statement: no Christ, no Christianity). Therefore, I want to make a few comments on who this man is and why he is vital for Christianity.
Jesus is God the Son incarnate (which is a fancy word for "in the flesh"). He did not simply assume a body, but he took on human nature in such a way that he is both fully God and fully man. A denial of either of those points makes someone something other than Christian.
Jesus became incarnate in order to die in the place of man (as God stated that death is the penalty of sin). As God, Jesus could satisfy God for all people. If Jesus was not man, then he had no right to die in the place of man. If Jesus was not God, then, at best, he could only satisfy God for himself and no other.
The Christian faith is built upon Jesus being the Son of God, who died, was buried, and rose on the third day so that sinners might be reconciled to God.
Not to beat a dead horse, but a person cannot be a Christian by rejecting (1) Jesus as ever living, (2) Jesus as fully God (the same substance, not someone who became God), (3) Jesus died, and (4) Jesus rose bodily. That said, people may claim to be Christians, but they cannot be so if they deny any of the points laid out in the Nicene Creed. While Christianity is more than that, it is not less than that.
Jesus is God the Son incarnate (which is a fancy word for "in the flesh"). He did not simply assume a body, but he took on human nature in such a way that he is both fully God and fully man. A denial of either of those points makes someone something other than Christian.
Jesus became incarnate in order to die in the place of man (as God stated that death is the penalty of sin). As God, Jesus could satisfy God for all people. If Jesus was not man, then he had no right to die in the place of man. If Jesus was not God, then, at best, he could only satisfy God for himself and no other.
The Christian faith is built upon Jesus being the Son of God, who died, was buried, and rose on the third day so that sinners might be reconciled to God.
Not to beat a dead horse, but a person cannot be a Christian by rejecting (1) Jesus as ever living, (2) Jesus as fully God (the same substance, not someone who became God), (3) Jesus died, and (4) Jesus rose bodily. That said, people may claim to be Christians, but they cannot be so if they deny any of the points laid out in the Nicene Creed. While Christianity is more than that, it is not less than that.
Sunday, November 16, 2014
Beauty in the eye of the beholder? I think not.
I would like to spend a few posts in pondering upon values. Contemporary culture finds its motivation in value everyday, most evidently in monetary fashion. While money makes the most obvious display of value, I want to direct your eyes to art. I had the privilege of getting to know a local artist, Keith Martin Johns (http://www.keithmartinjohns.net/), while I finished my Bachelor's Degree. During our conversations, we would discuss the importance of values in painting. The values affect the lighting of the colors. Values of colors are not the only values displayed in art, for art more often than not also displays moral values and truth values.
The arts form a powerful medium for communicating values. This is a close personal topic for me. If I received news that the Louvre was destroyed, I would be heartbroken, mourning the loss of so many masterpieces. On the other hand, if the Museum of Modern Art burned to the ground tomorrow, I would not shed a tear. Something is lacking, or rather, the values held by the artists whose works reside in the Museum of Modern Art differ drastically from mine.
Contemporary thought holds that beauty is purely subjective and relative. I do not see how this could be. Or perhaps I am slightly biased. As a Christian, I hold to the existence of objective beauty, and I deny the truthfulness of the statement, "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder." I believe in objective beauty because my God is beautiful, and he forms the basis from which all else comes forth. Beauty is grounded in God, and ugliness is the privation of beauty.
In my affirmation of real beauty, I also hold that ugliness is not a substance but a lack of beauty. While ugliness does not exist substantially, I do believe that some things are genuinely ugly. Thus, some things we should enjoy and other things we should abhor.
In this remarking of values, my mind is drawn to something that is often forgotten until tax time: an appraiser. Everyone has an appraiser, or some means whereby values are weighed and prioritized. For the Christian, that appraiser should be God and his priorities. This means that what God deems most important, Christians should deem most important. I am pestered to no end with two mantras from my contemporaries: Whatever makes you happy, and it's your choice. These are the appraisers for today, but these are not the appraisers that should be embraced by Christians. The appraiser set forth in the Bible is the call to be holy. This is the overriding statement that should govern the Christian: will this make me holy? Will this help make someone else holy? Is this a holy thing to do or participate in?
If we strive for holiness, all else should fall into place. So, enjoy true beauty where you see it, especially that which is around you.
The heavens declare the glory of God,
and the sky above proclaims his handiwork.
--Psalm 19:1 (ESV)
The arts form a powerful medium for communicating values. This is a close personal topic for me. If I received news that the Louvre was destroyed, I would be heartbroken, mourning the loss of so many masterpieces. On the other hand, if the Museum of Modern Art burned to the ground tomorrow, I would not shed a tear. Something is lacking, or rather, the values held by the artists whose works reside in the Museum of Modern Art differ drastically from mine.
Contemporary thought holds that beauty is purely subjective and relative. I do not see how this could be. Or perhaps I am slightly biased. As a Christian, I hold to the existence of objective beauty, and I deny the truthfulness of the statement, "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder." I believe in objective beauty because my God is beautiful, and he forms the basis from which all else comes forth. Beauty is grounded in God, and ugliness is the privation of beauty.
In my affirmation of real beauty, I also hold that ugliness is not a substance but a lack of beauty. While ugliness does not exist substantially, I do believe that some things are genuinely ugly. Thus, some things we should enjoy and other things we should abhor.
In this remarking of values, my mind is drawn to something that is often forgotten until tax time: an appraiser. Everyone has an appraiser, or some means whereby values are weighed and prioritized. For the Christian, that appraiser should be God and his priorities. This means that what God deems most important, Christians should deem most important. I am pestered to no end with two mantras from my contemporaries: Whatever makes you happy, and it's your choice. These are the appraisers for today, but these are not the appraisers that should be embraced by Christians. The appraiser set forth in the Bible is the call to be holy. This is the overriding statement that should govern the Christian: will this make me holy? Will this help make someone else holy? Is this a holy thing to do or participate in?
If we strive for holiness, all else should fall into place. So, enjoy true beauty where you see it, especially that which is around you.
The heavens declare the glory of God,
and the sky above proclaims his handiwork.
--Psalm 19:1 (ESV)
Monday, November 3, 2014
Defending Philosophy
On days when I am not masquerading as a theologian, I spend time encouraging people to tackle philosophical issues. Contrary to popular opinion, philosophy does not deal entirely with the existence of nothing or "can God make a stone so heavy he cannot lift it?" or even "what is a chair?" Philosophy, similar to other disciplines, finds its definition to be very muddy, while at the same time, philosophy is a vital discipline that would cause the demise of most all other disciplines should it collapse.
Philosophy seeks to understand the underlying structures that compose both itself and other disciplines. How one answers certain philosophical questions will determine how one will answer other questions in a discipline (at least, if one desires to be consistent in thinking, which is a thought built upon the law of non-contradiction). For example, in answering the question, "What is ultimate reality composed of?" if one should choose to answer "merely material," then one precludes any immaterial concepts into the discussion. Thus, things like God, angels, and ideas cannot even be considered as real things.
Some people follow Kant's conclusion, that faith and reason (and by extension, philosophy) are in separate, non-overlapping spheres. Thus, some advocate that the Bible alone is sufficient. These individuals would refer to the admonition not to fall into vain philosophy. Others take the opposite position that faith bears no relevance in the search for truth. The robust Christian worldview sees faith and reason as extensions of a unified whole.
Yes, philosophy does examine questions about knowledge, ethics, identity, but these are not superfluous endeavors. Understanding identity helps people to understand how a person remains the same thing over time (whatever that means). To elaborate a touch further, suppose that materialism is true, so that all that is real is and only is material. On this premise, one should be lead to the conclusion that a thing is the composition of its parts. Therefore, any loss of a part means the thing is no longer the same thing. It is not identical with what it once was (in a non-technical manner of speaking). If you lose a cell, you have ceased to be and something else stands where you once stood. To continue the thought, most all of your cells are replaced over the years. Thus, whoever stole the cookie from the jar, that could not be you, because you are not composed of the exact identical parts that composed the six-year-old boy (unless you are just now a six-year-old boy with his hand in the cookie jar, which could still be argued that you are not the same person as the thief). Accountability becomes a mushy concept to enforce. Not that that in and of itself disqualifies physicalism from being true, but the experiment helps to show that clarification is needed on the matters, especially when the entailment of our beliefs run contrary to our intuitions (at which point here, I will defer to my good friend, Randy Everist, who is fascinated with intuition and has several good articles on the matter http://www.randyeverist.com/2011/04/argument-for-intuition.html ).
As frustrating as it can be, I enjoy philosophy because it forces one to focus on the vital points. That said, I still scratch my head over the Ship of Theseus. The only comfort I have after thinking on Theseus's ship is that I find it disanalogous to people in that people are not merely physical and that the immaterial aspect preserves their identities.
Philosophy seeks to understand the underlying structures that compose both itself and other disciplines. How one answers certain philosophical questions will determine how one will answer other questions in a discipline (at least, if one desires to be consistent in thinking, which is a thought built upon the law of non-contradiction). For example, in answering the question, "What is ultimate reality composed of?" if one should choose to answer "merely material," then one precludes any immaterial concepts into the discussion. Thus, things like God, angels, and ideas cannot even be considered as real things.
Some people follow Kant's conclusion, that faith and reason (and by extension, philosophy) are in separate, non-overlapping spheres. Thus, some advocate that the Bible alone is sufficient. These individuals would refer to the admonition not to fall into vain philosophy. Others take the opposite position that faith bears no relevance in the search for truth. The robust Christian worldview sees faith and reason as extensions of a unified whole.
Yes, philosophy does examine questions about knowledge, ethics, identity, but these are not superfluous endeavors. Understanding identity helps people to understand how a person remains the same thing over time (whatever that means). To elaborate a touch further, suppose that materialism is true, so that all that is real is and only is material. On this premise, one should be lead to the conclusion that a thing is the composition of its parts. Therefore, any loss of a part means the thing is no longer the same thing. It is not identical with what it once was (in a non-technical manner of speaking). If you lose a cell, you have ceased to be and something else stands where you once stood. To continue the thought, most all of your cells are replaced over the years. Thus, whoever stole the cookie from the jar, that could not be you, because you are not composed of the exact identical parts that composed the six-year-old boy (unless you are just now a six-year-old boy with his hand in the cookie jar, which could still be argued that you are not the same person as the thief). Accountability becomes a mushy concept to enforce. Not that that in and of itself disqualifies physicalism from being true, but the experiment helps to show that clarification is needed on the matters, especially when the entailment of our beliefs run contrary to our intuitions (at which point here, I will defer to my good friend, Randy Everist, who is fascinated with intuition and has several good articles on the matter http://www.randyeverist.com/2011/04/argument-for-intuition.html ).
As frustrating as it can be, I enjoy philosophy because it forces one to focus on the vital points. That said, I still scratch my head over the Ship of Theseus. The only comfort I have after thinking on Theseus's ship is that I find it disanalogous to people in that people are not merely physical and that the immaterial aspect preserves their identities.
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